![]() Principle of reversibility of light states that when final path of a ray of light after any number of reflections and refractions is reversed, the ray retraces its entire path.Ģ2. It occurs only when angle of incidence in denser medium is greater (not equal) than critical angle, i.e. This phenomenon is called Total Internal Reflection. Total Internal Reflection (TIR) When a ray of light travelling from denser medium to rarer medium is incident at the interface of two medium at an angle greater than the critical angle for the two media, the ray is totally reflected back to denser medium. Where, n is refractive index of the second medium when first medium is air.ġ7. This constant is denoted by n and is called the relative refractive index. (ii) The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant for the two given media. (i) The incident ray, refracted ray and the normal to the refracting surface at the point of incidence lie in the same plane. Two laws of refraction are given as below: Refraction The phenomenon of changing in the path of light as it goes from one medium to another is called refraction. Magnification (m) It is negative corresponding to real image and positive for virtual image.ġ3. Linear Magnification The ratio of the size of the image formed by a spherical mirror I to the size of the object O is called the linear magnification produced by the spherical mirror.ġ2. Mirror Formula Mirror formula is a relation between focal length of the mirror and distances of objects and image from the mirror.ġ1. For a real object, u is negative whereas v is negative for real image and positive for virtual image.ĩ. All the measurements for the distances above the principal axis are taken as positive and below the principal axis are taken as negative.Ĩ. All measurements along the direction of incident ray will be positive and opposite to incident ray are negative. Sign Convention All measurements should be taken from pole of mirror. Spherical mirrors are of two types, (i) Concave spherical mirror (ii) Convex spherical mirror.ħ. Reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is a part of a hollow sphere. Total number of images formed by two plane mirrors inclined at an angle θ with each other is given byĦ. (ii) The incident ray, reflected ray and normal to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.ĥ. (i) The angle of incidence i is equal to the angle of reflection r. Two laws of reflection are given as below: Reflection of Light The returning back of light in the same medium from which it has come after striking a surface is called reflection of light. Reflection Reflection is the phenomenon of changing the path of light without any change in the medium.ģ. It states that for each and every object, there is an image.Ģ. Ray Optics or Geometrical Optics In this optics, the light is considered as a ray which travels in a straight line. Ray Optics and Optical Instruments Class 12 Notes Chapter 9ġ. Lakhmir Singh Science Class 8 Solutions.PS Verma and VK Agarwal Biology Class 9 Solutions.NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Foundation of IT.NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science.NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Foundation of Information Technology.NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Hindi Kritika.NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Hindi Kshitiz.NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Hindi Sparsh.NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Hindi Sanchayan.NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science.NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Indian Economic Development.NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science.NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Psychology.NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Entrepreneurship.NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Accountancy.NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies.NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Computer Science (Python).NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Psychology.NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science.NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Entrepreneurship.NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Macro Economics.NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Micro Economics.NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Accountancy.NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies.NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Computer Science (C++).NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Computer Science (Python).RD Sharma Class 11 Solutions Free PDF Download.
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